Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a recurring part of the sleep–wake cycle characterized
by fast, desynchronized rhythms in the electroencephalogram (EEG), hippocampal theta …

An array of neuromodulators, including monoamines and neuropeptides, regulate most
behavioural and physiological traits. In the past decade, dramatic progress has been made …

Specific neurons in the lateral hypothalamus produce the orexin neuropeptides (orexin-A
and orexin-B). The orexin-peptides are transported to areas of the brain regulating sleep …

Appropriate levels of muscle tone are needed to support waking behaviors such as sitting or
standing. However, it is unclear how the brain functions to couple muscle tone with waking …

The states of being are conventionally defined by the simultaneous occurrence of
behavioral, neurophysiological and autonomic descriptors. State dissociation disorders are …

The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, have been among the most intensely
studied neuropeptide systems since their discovery about two decades ago. Anatomical …

Cataplexy is a hallmark of narcolepsy characterized by the sudden uncontrollable onset of
muscle weakness or paralysis during wakefulness. It can occur spontaneously, but is …

Many physiological processes fluctuate throughout the day/night and daily fluctuations are
observed in brain and peripheral levels of several hormones, neuropeptides and …

Anatomical and pharmacological evidence suggests the neuropeptide, relaxin-3, is the
preferred endogenous ligand for the relaxin family peptide-3 receptor (RXFP3) and suggests …

Catecholamine nuclei within the brainstem reticular formation (RF) play a pivotal role in a
variety of brain functions. However, a systematic characterization of these nuclei in the very …