The complexity of many biological, social and technological systems stems from the richness
of the interactions among their units. Over the past decades, a variety of complex systems …

Understanding the factors that shape viral evolution is critical for developing effective
antiviral strategies, accurately predicting viral evolution, and preventing pandemics. One …

How complex are the rules by which a protein's sequence determines its function? High-
order epistatic interactions among residues are thought to be pervasive, suggesting an …

Cell-cell communication systems typically comprise families of ligand and receptor variants
that function together in combinations. Pathway activation depends on the complex way in …

Protein mutational landscapes are shaped by the cellular environment, but key factors and
their quantitative effects are often unknown. Here we show that Lon, a quality control …

Predicting mutational effects is essential for the control of antibiotic resistance (ABR).
Predictions are difficult when there are strong genotype-by-environment (G× E), gene-by …

Since the modern synthesis, the fitness effects of mutations and epistasis have been central
yet provocative concepts in evolutionary and population genetics. Studies of how the …

Epistasis—when mutations combine nonadditively—is a profoundly important aspect of
biology. It is often difficult to understand its mechanistic origins. Here, we show that epistasis …

During the struggle for survival, populations occasionally evolve new functions that give
them access to untapped ecological opportunities. Theory suggests that coevolution …

Genes that undergo horizontal gene transfer (HGT) evolve in different genomic
backgrounds. Despite the ubiquity of cross-species HGT, the effects of switching hosts on …