Cyclic dipeptides, also know as diketopiperazines (DKP), the simplest cyclic forms of
peptides widespread in nature, are unsurpassed in their structural and bio-functional …

There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the
liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of …

Pulmonary, nasal, and nose-to-brain diseases involve clinical approaches, such as
bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, antihistamines, nasal steroids …

Diketopiperazine (DKP) formation is an important degradation pathway for peptides and
proteins. It can occur during synthesis and storage in either solution or the solid state. The …