Introduction Pain treatment is best performed when a patient-centric, safety-based
philosophy is used to determine an algorithmic process to guide care. Since 2007, the …

Morphine and related µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists remain among the most effective
drugs known for acute relief of severe pain. A major problem in treating painful conditions is …

Opioid agonists are the most effective treatment for pain, but their use is limited by side
effects, tolerance and fears of addiction and dependence. A major goal of opioid research is …

Opioids are the most effective analgesic drugs for the management of moderate or severe
pain, yet their clinical use is often limited because of the onset of adverse side effects. Drugs …

Fentanyl is a key therapeutic, used in anaesthesia and pain management. It is also
increasingly used illicitly and is responsible for a large and growing number of opioid …

Clinical studies comparing the response and side effects of various opioids have not been
able to show robust differences between drugs. Hence, recommendations of the regulatory …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Opium, derived from the Greek word for “juice,” is extracted from the latex sap of the opium
poppy (Papaverum somniferum). The juice of the poppy is the source of some 20 different …

Opioids are powerful analgesics that elicit acute antinociceptive effects through their action
the mu opioid receptor (MOR). However opioids are ineffective for chronic pain …

Most clinically used opioids are thought to induce analgesia through activation of the mu
opioid receptor (MOR). However, disparities have been observed between the efficacy of …