Many factors influence metal speciation in freshwaters. Metal species that are more soluble
are considered more bioavailable and toxic. However, evaluation of metal speciation in …

The biotic ligand model (BLM) is a theoretical, potentially mechanistic approach to assess
metal bioavailability in soil and aquatic systems. In a BLM, toxicity is linked to the fraction of …

Despite more than 5 decades of aquatic toxicity tests conducted with metal mixtures, there is
still a need to understand how metals interact in mixtures and to predict their toxicity more …

Although metal-mixture toxicity has recently received increasing attention, there is still
insufficient knowledge on joint effects occurring in chronic exposures to relatively low metal …

The Windermere humic aqueous model using the toxicity function (WHAM‐FTOX) describes
cation toxicity to aquatic organisms in terms of 1) accumulation by the organism of …

Soil contamination with copper (Cu) is often associated with zinc (Zn), and the biological
response to such mixed contamination is complex. Here, we investigated Cu and Zn mixture …

The authors investigated the effect of binary mixtures of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium
(Cd), and nickel (Ni) on the growth of a freshwater diatom, Navicula pelliculosa. A 7× 7 full …

To incorporate metal mixture toxicity effects into risk‐assessment procedures, more
information is needed about combined and interactive effects of metal mixtures during …

Abstract The WHAM-F TOX model describes the combined toxic effects of protons and metal
cations towards aquatic organisms through the toxicity function (F TOX), a linear …

❚ Abstract Trace metals (TMs) play a central role in the functioning of aquatic systems. Both
essential and toxic trace metals are involved in different chemical, biological and physical …