The mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) describes a Ca2+-dependent and
cyclophilin D (CypD)-facilitated increase of inner mitochondrial membrane permeability that …

Mitochondria are central for various cellular processes that include ATP production,
intracellular Ca2+ signaling, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Neurons critically …

Caloric restriction, fasting, and exercise have long been recognized for their neuroprotective
and lifespan-extending properties; however, the underlying mechanisms of these …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest single intracellular organelle, which is present
in all types of nerve cells. The ER is an interconnected, internally continuous system of …

Synaptic plasticity in the adult brain is believed to represent the cellular mechanisms of
learning and memory. Mitochondria are involved in the regulation of the complex processes …

Evidence accumulated over more than two decades has implicated Ca2+ dysregulation in
brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), giving rise to the Ca2+ hypothesis of brain aging …

The mitochondrial membrane potential (or protonmotive force) is the central bioenergetic
parameter that controls respiratory rate, ATP synthesis and the generation of reactive …

Calcium (Ca2+) plays fundamental and diversified roles in neuronal plasticity. As second
messenger of many signaling pathways, Ca2+ as been shown to regulate neuronal gene …

Aging is a complex process that differentially impacts multiple cognitive, sensory, neuronal
and molecular processes. Technological innovations now allow for parallel investigation of …

In this review, the evidence for changes in the human brain with ageing at both the
macroscopic and microscopic levels is summarized. Loss of neurons is now recognized to …