The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to
the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the …

Locomotion results from intricate dynamic interactions between a central program and
feedback mechanisms. The central program relies fundamentally on a genetically …

Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) of lumbosacral segments can restore a range of
movements after spinal cord injury. However, the mechanisms and neural structures through …

When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in
muscles, joints and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal …

How is load sensed by receptors, and how is this sensory information used to guide
locomotion? Many insights in this domain have evolved from comparative studies since it …

Spasticity is a term, which was introduced to describe the velocity‐sensitive increased
resistance of a limb to manipulation in subjects with lesions of descending motor pathways …

In the walking system of the cat, feedback from muscle proprioceptors establishes the timing
of major phase transitions in the motor pattern, contributes to the production of burst activity …

Instead of using empirical functions, it is also possible to deduce the functional form of the
voltage dependence of the rate constants from thermodynamics and in particular from the …

Recent investigations of proprioreceptors in the walking systems of cats, insects and
crustaceans have identified reflex pathways that regulate the timing of the transition from …

The mechanical advantages of the external and internal intercostals depend partly on the
orientation of the muscle but mostly on interspace number and the position of the muscle …