Toxin–antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed
of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacteria that consist of a
growth-inhibiting toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are prevalent in bacterial …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the six bacterial pathogens, Enterococcus faecium,
Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas …

Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are abundant genetic elements that encode a toxin
protein capable of inhibiting cell growth and an antitoxin that counteracts the toxin. The …

Bacterial persister cells are phenotypic variants that exhibit a transient non-growing state
and antibiotic tolerance. Here, we provide in vitro evidence of Staphylococcus aureus …

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most important human-and animal
health-threatening issues worldwide. Bacterial capability to face antimicrobial compounds is …

Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxic protein
and its cognate antitoxin protein, the latter counteracting the toxicity of the former. While TA …

Bacteriophages, the viruses infecting bacteria, hold great potential for the treatment of
multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and other applications due to their unparalleled …

Persisters represent a small subpopulation of non-or slow-growing bacterial cells that are
tolerant to killing by antibiotics. Despite their prominent role in the recalcitrance of chronic …

Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are present in most prokaryote genomes. Toxins are almost
exclusively proteins that reduce metabolism (but do not cause cell death), and antitoxins are …