Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on the rise due to the prevalence of chronic
hepatitis and cirrhosis. Although there are surgical and chemotherapy treatment avenues …

Abstract The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family comprises six members (IL-17A–17F), and
recently, all of its related receptors have been discovered. IL-17 was first discovered …

In the realm of cancer research, the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in
tumor initiation and progression, shaped by complex interactions between cancer cells and …

Neovascularization and angiogenesis are vital processes in the repair of damaged tissue,
creating new blood vessel networks and increasing oxygen and nutrient supply for …

Impaired apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer, and almost all of the non‐surgical
approaches of eradicating tumour cells somehow promote induction of apoptosis. Indeed …

VEGF and its receptor family (VEGFR) members have unique signaling transduction system
that play significant roles in most pathological processes, such as angiogenesis in tumor …

Pericytes, recognized as mural cells, have long been described as components involved in
blood vessel formation, playing a mere supporting role for endothelial cells (ECs). Emerging …

Inflammation is recognized as representing a double-edged sword in terms of tumor growth,
in some instances contributing to attenuation of growth and in others to enhanced …

Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of several conditions including eye diseases,
inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Stromal cells play a crucial role in regulating …

Extracellular matrix (ECM) refers to the non-cellular components of the tumour
microenvironment, fundamentally providing a supportive scaffold for cellular anchorage and …