The cerebral cortex of primates encompasses multiple anatomically and physiologically
distinct areas processing visual information. Areas V1, V2, and V5/MT are conserved across …

The specialized regions of neocortex of mammals, called areas, have been divided into
smaller functional units called minicolumns, columns, modules, and domains. Here we …

Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is an alternative neurostimulation modality that uses pulsed
infrared light to evoke spatially precise neural activity that does not require direct contact …

Cutting edge advances in electrical visual cortical prosthetics have evoked perception of
shapes, motion, and letters in the blind. Here, we present an alternative optical approach …

Repeated experience with a visual stimulus can result in improved perception of the
stimulus, ie, perceptual learning. To understand the underlying neural mechanisms of this …

Areas V1 and V2 of Macaque monkey visual cortex are characterized by unique cytochrome-
oxidase (CO)–staining patterns. Initial electrophysiological studies associated CO blobs in …

Human medial occipital cortex comprises multiple visual areas, each with a distinct
retinotopic representation of visual environment. We measured spatial frequency (SF) tuning …

Electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex is a powerful tool for exploring cortical function.
Stimulation of early visual cortical areas is easily detected by subjects and produces simple …

Area V2 is a major visual processing stage in mammalian visual cortex, but little is currently
known about how V2 encodes information during natural vision. To determine how V2 …

In mammals, the perception of motion starts with direction-selective neurons in the visual
cortex. Despite numerous studies in monkey primary and second visual cortex (V1 and V2) …