We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Rapid atmospheric warming since the mid-twentieth century has increased temperature-
dependent erosion and sediment-transport processes in cold environments, affecting food …

In recent decades, the warming in the Arctic has been much faster than in the rest of the
world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Numerous studies report that the Arctic …

The sixth assessment report of the IPCC assessed that the Arctic is projected to be on
average practically ice-free in September near mid-century under intermediate and high …

Warming amplification over the Arctic Pole (AP hereafter) and Third Pole (Tibetan Plateau,
TP hereafter) can trigger a series of climate responses and have global consequences …

Many feedback loops significantly increase warming due to greenhouse gas emissions.
However, not all of these feedbacks are fully accounted for in climate models. Thus …

A key indicator of climate change is the greater frequency and intensity of precipitation
extremes across much of the globe. In fact, several studies have already documented …

The origin of the temperature divergence between Holocene proxy reconstructions and
model simulations remains controversial, but it possibly results from potential biases in the …

The Arctic is warming faster than any other region on Earth. Putting this rapid warming into
perspective is challenging because instrumental records are often short or incomplete in …

We combine satellite observations and numerical models to show that Earth lost 28 trillion
tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017. Arctic sea ice (7.6 trillion tonnes), Antarctic ice …