Perception and perceptual decision-making are strongly facilitated by prior knowledge about
the probabilistic structure of the world. While the computational benefits of using prior …

Predictive coding is a leading theory of how the brain performs probabilistic inference.
However, there are a number of distinct algorithms which are described by the term …

How is it that thoroughly physical material beings such as ourselves can think, dream, feel,
create and understand ideas, theories and concepts? How does mere matter give rise to all …

The hippocampus is crucial for episodic memory, but it is also involved in online prediction.
Evidence suggests that a unitary hippocampal code underlies both episodic memory and …

Predictive coding theories of sensory brain function interpret the hierarchical construction of
the cerebral cortex as a Bayesian, generative model capable of predicting the sensory data …

Prior expectations about the visual world facilitate perception by allowing us to quickly
deduce plausible interpretations from noisy and ambiguous data. The neural mechanisms of …

Predictive coding posits that neural systems make forward-looking predictions about
incoming information. Neural signals contain information not about the currently perceived …

Brains, it has recently been argued, are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles
of cells that support perception and action by constantly attempting to match incoming …

This Perspective reviews recent findings in placebo hypoalgesia and provides a conceptual
account of how expectations and experience can lead to placebo hypoalgesia. In particular …

This article explores the notion that Freudian constructs may have neurobiological
substrates. Specifically, we propose that Freud's descriptions of the primary and secondary …