Environmental exposures interplay with human host factors to promote the development and
progression of allergic diseases. The worldwide prevalence of allergic disease is rising as a …

The COVID-19 is a novel infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is known as a
pandemic emergency that has led to a high rate of mortality throughout the world. Evidence …

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) or e-cigarettes have emerged as a popular
recreational tool among adolescents and adults. Although the use of ENDS is often …

INTRODUCTION The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a multikingdom cellular ecosystem that
facilitates the procurement of nutrients from the environment. In constant contact with the …

Background Influenza virus infection is among the most detrimental threats to the health of
humans and some animals, infecting millions of people annually all around the world and in …

Hypoxia and inflammation often coincide in pathogenic conditions such as acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS) and chronic lung diseases, which are significant contributors to …

γδ T cells, a subgroup of T cells based on the γδ TCR, when compared with conventional T
cells (αβ T cells), make up a very small proportion of T cells. However, its various subgroups …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in a global pandemic with …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a pathogen of global morbidity and mortality. Pneumococcal
pneumonia can lead to systemic infections associated with high rates of mortality. We find …

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are critical components of the innate defense mechanism in
the lung. Nestled tightly within the alveoli, AMs, derived from the yolk-sac or bone marrow …