Predictive coding is an increasingly influential and ambitious concept in neuroscience
viewing the brain as a 'hypothesis testing machine'that constantly strives to minimize …

A central question about the human mind is whether perception is an encapsulated process
driven purely by sensory information or whether it is intricately linked with cognitive …

We conducted a meta-analysis of 78 task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) studies (1976 total participants) to reveal underlying brain activations and their …

While listening to meaningful speech, auditory input is processed more rapidly near the end
(vs. beginning) of sentences. Although several studies have shown such word-to-word …

The speech we hear every day is typically “degraded” by competing sounds and the
idiosyncratic vocal characteristics of individual speakers. While the comprehension of …

When speech intelligibility is reduced, listeners exploit constraints posed by semantic
context to facilitate comprehension. The left angular gyrus (AG) has been argued to drive …

In natural listening situations, speech perception is often impaired by degraded speech
sounds arriving at the ear. Contextual speech information can improve the perception of …

Reading involves mapping combinations of a learned visual code (letters) onto meaning.
Previous studies have shown that when visual word recognition is challenged by visual …

Phonemic restoration—perceiving speech sounds that are actually missing—is a
fundamental perceptual process that 'repairs' interrupted spoken messages during noisy …

The ephemeral nature of spoken words creates a challenge for oral communications where
incoming speech sounds must be processed in relation to representations of just-perceived …