Allostasis, or stability through change, has most often been linked with challenges to
homeostasis, in which repeated challenges or stressors produce sufficient allostatic load to …

Nucleus accumbens dopamine is known to play a role in motivational processes, and
dysfunctions of mesolimbic dopamine may contribute to motivational symptoms of …

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of
nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also …

Nicotine stimulates dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to establish
and maintain reinforcement. Nicotine also induces anxiety through an as yet unknown …

Rationale Love has long been referred to as an addiction in literature and poetry. Scientists
have often made comparisons between social attachment processes and drug addiction …

Midbrain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurons regulate motivated behaviors,
including feeding, but less is known about how these circuits may interact. In this study, we …

Genetically-encoded dopamine (DA) sensors enable high-resolution imaging of DA release,
but their ability to detect a wide range of extracellular DA levels, especially tonic versus …

The addiction‐relevant molecular, cellular, and behavioral actions of nicotine are derived
from its stimulatory effects on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the …

Nicotine stimulates brain reward circuitries, most prominently the mesocorticolimbic
dopamine system, and this action plays a critical in establishing and maintaining the tobacco …

The consensus of opinion, with regard to the effect of cognitive fatigue on subsequent
physical performance, is that there is a small, negative effect, but there is no consensus …