Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink (referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an
important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) …

The ocean has absorbed 25±2% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the early
1960s to the late 2010s, with rates more than tripling over this period and with a mean …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

This review explains the science behind the drive for global net zero emissions and why this
is needed to halt the ongoing rise in global temperatures. We document how the concept of …

Global aviation operations contribute to anthropogenic climate change via a complex set of
processes that lead to a net surface warming. Of importance are aviation emissions of …

Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are the main driver
of current and future climate change. The integrated assessment community has quantified …

Executive summary Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing
and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and …

The soil microbiome governs biogeochemical cycling of macronutrients, micronutrients and
other elements vital for the growth of plants and animal life. Understanding and predicting …

This article introduces the second generation CMCC Earth System Model (CMCC‐ESM2)
that extends a number of marine and terrestrial biogeochemical processes with respect to its …

We document the development of the first version of the UK Earth System Model UKESM1.
The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with …