Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

Extracellular vesicles, especially small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are now accepted as
important messengers in cell-to-cell communication and as a promising drug delivery …

Background Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) refers to a secondary brain injury
that can occur when the blood supply to the ischemic brain tissue is restored. However, the …

The pathological role of reactive gliosis in CNS repair remains controversial. In this study,
using murine ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models, we demonstrated that microglia …

Ischemic stroke poses a significant health risk due to its high rate of disability and mortality.
To address this problem, several therapeutic approaches have been proposed, including …

A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as
excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and …

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease
(AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), affect millions of people around the world. Great efforts …

As a ROS scavenger, resveratrol exerts a neuroprotective effect by polarizing the M1
microglia to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype for ischemic stroke treatment. However, the …

Rationale: Ureteral obstruction-induced hydronephrosis is associated with renal fibrosis and
progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Exosome-mediated cell-cell communication has …

Poor wound healing can seriously affect the health of patients with diabetes and result in a
heavy medical burden. Recently, exosomes have been considered the key substances …