An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the
past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of adversity and neurodevelopment—the …

A large body of evidence has demonstrated that exposure to childhood maltreatment at any
stage of development can have long-lasting consequences. It is associated with a marked …

Early life stressors display a high universal prevalence and constitute a major public health
problem. Prolonged psychoneurobiological alterations as sequelae of early life stress (ELS) …

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may leave long-lasting neurobiological scars,
increasing the risk of developing mental disorders in later life. However, no review has …

In the past two decades, much evidence has accumulated unequivocally demonstrating that
child abuse and neglect is associated with a marked increase in risk for major psychiatric …

Identification of intrinsic brain activity differences and similarities between major depression
(MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) is necessary. However, results have not yet yielded …

Classical Pavlovian fear conditioning remains the most widely employed experimental
model of fear and anxiety, and continues to inform contemporary pathophysiological …

Importance Disrupted reward processing, mainly driven by striatal dysfunction, is a key
characteristic of addictive behaviors. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging …

The developing human brain is shaped by environmental exposures—for better or worse.
Many exposures relevant to mental health are genuinely social in nature or believed to have …

Childhood trauma is a key risk factor for psychopathology. However, little is known about
how exposure to childhood trauma is translated into biological risk for psychopathology …