Life is the harnessing of chemical energy in such a way that the energy-harnessing device
makes a copy of itself. This paper outlines an energetically feasible path from a particular …

A decade ago, a novel mechanism to drive thermodynamically unfavorable redox reactions
was discovered that is used in prokaryotes to drive endergonic electron transfer reactions by …

The molecular identity of the mitochondrial megachannel (MMC)/permeability transition pore
(PTP), a key effector of cell death, remains controversial. By combining highly purified, fully …

Metagenomics and high-throughput sequencing have greatly expanded our knowledge of
the rumen microbiome. Surveys of all 4 cellular microbial groups (bacteria, archaea …

P-type ATPases constitute a large ancient super-family of primary active pumps that have
diverse substrate specificities ranging from H+ to phospholipids. The significance of these …

Archaea live under different environmental conditions, such as high salinity, extreme pHs
and cold or hot temperatures. How energy is conserved under such harsh environmental …

Some anaerobic archaea live on substrates that do not allow the synthesis of 1 mol of ATP
per mol of substrate. Energy conservation in these cases is only possible by a chemiosmotic …

Energy-converting hydrogenases (Ech) are ancient, membrane-bound enzymes that use
reduced ferredoxin (Fd) as an electron donor to reduce protons to molecular H 2 …

The overuse and misuse of antibiotics lead to bacterial antibiotic resistance, challenging
human health and intensive cultivation. It is especially required to understand for the …

Abstract Globally, methane (CH4) emissions account for 40% to 45% of greenhouse gas
emissions from ruminant livestock, with over 90% of these emissions arising from enteric …