Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the
immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to …

Enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by various stimuli,
including viral infections, has attributed much attention in the past years. It has been shown …

Abstract Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles present in most
body fluids including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Little is known about CSF EV proteins in …

The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
(HAND) is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of antiretroviral …

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an excellent source of biological information regarding the
nervous system, once it is in close contact and accurately reflects alterations in this system …

Despite the availability of effective antiretroviral therapies, cognitive impairment (CI) remains
prevalent in HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals. Evidence from primarily cross-sectional studies …

Viruses are intracellular parasites that can only replicate and spread in cells of susceptible
hosts. Alpha herpesviruses (α‐HVs) contain double‐stranded DNA genomes of at least 120 …

Tissue macrophages play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in most organs of the
body including the brain where microglia represent the resident phagocytic cells of this …

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) are increasingly‐
recognized health conditions in children, with both acute and chronic sequelae. Risk factors …

In the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the diagnostic and management
issue of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) has arisen. Traditionally, severe …