Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a mainstay of cognitive neuroscience,
thus facing new challenges due to its widespread application on behaviorally silent areas. In …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used as a treatment of movement disorders such as
Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and essential tremor for over twenty years, and is a promising …

Alleviating the symptoms of neurological diseases by increasing cortical excitability through
transcranial stimulation is an ongoing scientific challenge. Here, we tackle this issue by …

Electrical brain stimulation is a promising tool for both experimental and clinical applications.
However, the effects of stimulation on neuronal activity are highly variable and poorly …

Glutamate (GLU) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major excitatory (E) and inhibitory
(I) neurotransmitters in the brain, respectively. Dysregulation of the E/I ratio is associated …

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a unique method for studying cognitive function. For
the study of cognition, NIBS has gained popularity as a complementary method to functional …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique used to study perceptual, motor, and
cognitive functions in the human brain. Its effects have been likened to a “virtual brain …

Introduction: Neuromodulation devices can be safe and effective for the treatment of drug-
resistant epilepsy. A body of scientific work supports peripheral, subcortical and cortical …

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to a subtle, general cognitive decline with a
detrimental impact on elderlies' independent living and quality of life. Without a timely …

Since the discovery of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical
stimulation (tES), these non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been used to …