Multiple lines of evidence indicate that immune system dysfunction has a role in Parkinson
disease (PD); this evidence includes clinical and genetic associations between autoimmune …

The array of end organ innervations of the vagus nerve, coupled with increased basic
science evidence, has led to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) being explored as a …

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were often observed with gastrointestinal symptoms,
which preceded the onset of motor symptoms. Neuropathology of PD has also been found in …

About 15% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) have family history and 5–10% have a
monogenic form of the disease with Mendelian inheritance. To date, at least 23 loci and 19 …

Gradual degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars
compacta and subsequent reduction of dopamine levels in striatum are associated with …

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are essential for modulating neurogenesis,
influencing synaptic remodeling, and regulating neuroinflammation by surveying the brain …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
characterized by motor dysfunction. Growing evidence has demonstrated that gut dysbiosis …

Recent years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia biology,
including their major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases …

The extrinsic and autonomic nervous system intricately controls the major functions of the
gastrointestinal tract through the enteric nervous system; these include motor, secretory …

The Parkinson's disease (PD) research field has seen the advent of several promising
biomarkers and a deeper understanding of the clinical features of the disease from the …