CD4+ T cells are effector T cells (Teffs) produced by the differentiation of initial T cells in
peripheral lymphoid tissue after being attacked by antigens, and have an indispensable role …

Atherosclerosis is a complex pathological process that results from the chronic inflammatory
reaction of the blood vessel wall and involves various immune cells and cytokines. An …

Background AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor that maintains
energy homeostasis. AMPK functions as a tumor suppressor in different cancers; however …

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), expressed on tumor-infiltrating T cells, is a T cell
exhaustion marker. The mechanisms underlying PD-1 upregulation in CD4 T cells remain …

Allergic inflammation is a T helper 2 (Th2) cell-driven pathophysiological phenomenon, but
the mechanism by which the metabolic cascade affects Th2 cell differentiation remains …

Dysfunction of macrophage polarization majorly contributes to the progression of
rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Polarization and functions of activated macrophages are closely …

Abstract γδ T cells play a crucial role in immune surveillance and serve as a bridge between
innate and adaptive immunity. However, the metabolic requirements and regulation of γδ T …

Recent advances highlight a key role of transient fasting in optimizing immunity of human
and mouse. However, it remains unknown whether this strategy is independently acquired …

Introduction Metabolic reprogramming is one of the important mechanisms of cell
differentiation, and different cells have different preferences for energy sources. During the …

Immunometabolism plays a central role in sustaining immune system functionality and
preserving physiological homeostasis within the organism. During the differentiation and …