It is now well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species
(RNS), and a basal level of oxidative stress are essential for cell survival. It is also well …

The significance of oxidative stress in the development of chronic neurodegenerative
diseases of the retina has become increasingly apparent in recent years. Reactive oxygen …

Protein oxidative modifications, also known as protein oxidation, are a major class of protein
posttranslational modifications. They are caused by reactions between protein amino acid …

Abstract Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment promotes early recovery from muscle injury.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) upregulation is a key mechanism of HBO, which produces …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal
transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the
neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and …

Müller glial cells (MGC s) are known to participate actively in retinal development and to
contribute to homoeostasis through many intracellular mechanisms. As there are no …

Pancreatic β cells not only use glucose as an energy source, but also sense blood glucose
levels for insulin secretion. While pyruvate and NADH metabolic pathways are known to be …

Purpose In the earliest stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a dysfunction of Müller cells,
characterized by high levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and aquaporins (AQP) …

In the light of increasing evidence that benign prostatic hyperplasia is associated with
cardiovascular disease, we have investigated the relationship between prostatic blood flow …