Highlights•Analysis of variability provides information about control priorities.•Variability
comprises a multitude of processes that contribute to skill improvement.•Stages of learning …

Motor errors can have both bias and noise components. Bias can be compensated for by
adaptation and, in tasks in which the magnitude of noise varies across the environment …

Exploration in reward-based motor learning is observable in experimental data as increased
variability. In order to quantify exploration, we compare three methods for estimating other …

Humans move their hands toward precise positions, a skill supported by the coordination of
multiple joint movements, even in the presence of inherent redundancy. However, it remains …

Binary reward feedback on movement success is sufficient for learning some simple
sensorimotor mappings in a reaching task, but not for some other tasks in which multiple …

Dopamine signaling is thought to mediate reward-based learning. We tested for a role of
dopamine in motor adaptation by administering the dopamine precursor levodopa to healthy …

In complex real-life motor skills such as unconstrained throwing, performance depends on
how accurate is on average the outcome of noisy, high-dimensional, and redundant actions …

Purpose Successful voice therapy requires the patient to learn new vocal behaviors, but little
is currently known regarding how vocal motor skills are improved and retained. To …

Background Body-machine interfaces map movements onto commands to external devices.
Redundant motion signals derived from inertial sensors are mapped onto lower-dimensional …

One of the characteristic features of the human motor system is redundancy—ie, the ability to
achieve a given task outcome using multiple coordination patterns. However, once …