Refereeing in sports is about fairness. The referee's job is to balance what the player with
the ball thinks is fair with what the player trying to take the ball thinks is fair. Referees are …

This is the first book to look closely at the concept of 'risk'in elite and professional football
from a social scientific perspective. Drawing on the wider sociological, criminological and …

The video assistant referee (VAR) in association football was developed to help on-field
referees judge potentially game-changing decisions correctly by reviewing video evidence …

The purpose of the paper is to check whether the introduction of the VAR system mitigated
the referee bias against away teams. The dataset comprises 2279 matches played in the first …

The COVID-19 pandemic provides a natural experimental framework to comprehensively
test the effect of crowds on both referees and players. We examine this from a North …

This paper introduces a model for analyzing the aesthetic value of game rules. Drawing on
Nguyen's theory of agential aesthetics, this paper argues that the aesthetic value of a rule is …

Football referees are required to make numerous decisions per match under physiological
and emotional strain. Within this context, VAR (video assistant referee) interventions …

The increasing use of VAR globally affects the refereeing role and may have unintended
gendered consequences for referees. This scoping review 1) summarizes and maps the …

Few studies have examined the impact of technological officiating aids on football. The
purpose of this study is to design a comprehensive model examining the use of video …

The referees play a crucial role by bearing tremendous responsibility in football. Referees
not only manage the football match, but they are also the people who are psychologically …