Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive intermediates of molecular oxygen that act as
important second messengers within the cells; however, an imbalance between generation …

Heart failure (HF) is the most rapidly growing cardiovascular health burden worldwide. HF
can be classified into three groups based on the percentage of the ejection fraction (EF) …

Since the first identification of renin by Tigerstedt and Bergmann in 1898, the renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) has been extensively studied. The current view of the system is …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive
immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of …

Endothelial dysfunction contributes to cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension,
atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease, which are also characterized by insulin …

Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of vascular
disease in obesity‐related type 2 diabetes. The imbalance in repair and injury …

Angiotensin II (AngII), the major effector peptide of renin–angiotensin system (RAS), is now
recognized as a growth factor that regulates cell growth and fibrosis, besides being a …

The renin-angiotensin system is a major regulatory system of cardiovascular and renal
function. Basic research has revealed exciting new aspects, which could lead to novel or …

It is now well established that vascular inflammation is an independent risk factor for the
development of atherosclerosis. In otherwise healthy patients, chronic elevations of …

Purpose To review current literature on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-mediated
pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets in ocular diseases. Methods A …