Population codes assume that neural systems represent sensory inputs through the firing
rates of populations of differently tuned neurons. However, trial-by-trial variability and noise …

In the cerebral cortex, membrane currents, ie, action potentials and other membrane
currents, express many forms of space-time dynamics. In the spontaneous asynchronous …

The mind is a biological phenomenon. Thus, biological principles of organization should
also be the principles underlying mental operations. Practopoiesis states that the key for …

The cellular biology of brains is relatively well-understood, but neuroscientists have not yet
generated a theory explaining how brains work. Explanations of how neurons collectively …

Contrast sensitivity is fundamental to natural visual processing and an important tool for
characterizing both visual function and clinical disorders. We simultaneously measured …

The visual system is confronted with rapidly changing stimuli in everyday life. It is not well
understood how information in such a stream of input is updated within the brain. We …

A fundamental goal in vision science is to determine how many neurons in how many areas
are required to compute a coherent interpretation of the visual scene. Here I propose six …

By injecting both biotinylated and fluorescent dextran amines into the superior colliculus of
the ferret we traced its afferent connections from the cerebral cortex and its projections to …

Brain dynamics are often taken to be temporal dynamics of spiking and membrane
potentials in a balanced network. Almost all evidence for a balanced network comes from …

Even though the visual cortex is one of the most studied brain areas, the neuronal code in
this area is still not fully understood. In the literature, two codes are commonly hypothesized …