Combination antiretroviral therapy, despite being potent and life-prolonging, is not curative
and does not eradicate HIV-1 infection since interruption of treatment inevitably results in a …

Many viruses, including the clinically relevant RNA viruses HIV (human immunodeficiency
virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus), exist in large populations and display high genetic …

Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2/NFE2L2), a redox-sensitive transcription
factor plays a critical role in adaptation to cellular stress and affords cellular defense by …

Micro RNA s (mi RNA s) have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression within cells.
One particular mi RNA, mi R‐155, is highly expressed within lymphocytes (both B and T …

Infections caused by viruses as the smallest infectious agents, pose a major threat to global
public health. Viral infections utilize different host mechanisms to facilitate their own …

Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) are an important class of small, non-coding RNAs that bind to
host mRNAs based on sequence complementarity and regulate protein expression. They …

HIV-1 infection of macrophages plays a key role in viral pathogenesis and progression to
AIDS. Polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly (I∶ C); a synthetic analog of dsRNA) and bacterial …

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at a
posttranscriptional level and play a crucial role in the development of cells of the immune …

Retroviruses have an intricate life cycle. There is much to be learned from studying retrovirus-
host interactions. Among retroviruses, the primate lentiviruses have one of the more complex …

Background: Because of factors only partly understood, the generalized elevated immune
activation and inflammation characterizing HIV-1–infected patients are corrected …