RNA viruses are characterized by high mutation and recombination rates, which allow a
rapid adaptation to new environments. Most of the emerging diseases and host jumps are …

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of
chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the genus Iltovirus, and …

For decades, Newcastle disease (ND) has long been recognized as a frontline viral disease
that constrains poultry production throughout Africa. The need to update on the …

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major economic problem in commercial chicken farms
with acute multiple-system infection, especially in respiratory and urogenital systems. A live …

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important avian
diseases that have caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide …

Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) are two highly contagious diseases
that severely threaten the poultry industry. The goal of this study is to prevent these two …

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious disease, usually controlled by
vaccination with live attenuated vaccines. However, the latent infection and adverse …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a zoonosis like most of the great plagues
sculpting human history, from smallpox to pandemic influenza and human …

Cage-free housing of pullets and laying hens is becoming more and more popular around
the world. This paper reviews the literature on the most common cage-free rearing systems …

The highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza virus (AIV), H5N1 and reassortant H5-subtype
HPAIVs, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, cause high mortality in domestic birds, resulting in …