I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav …

It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among
patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular …

Melanized or dematiaceous fungi are associated with a wide variety of infectious
syndromes. Many are soil organisms and are generally distributed worldwide, though …

The aetiological agents of many invasive fungal infections are saprobes and opportunistic
pathogens. Some of these fungi are darkly pigmented due to melanin production and …

Rhinosinusitis is one of the most commonly diagnosed diseases in the United States.
Analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventionesponsored 2010 US National …

The human respiratory tract is exposed daily to airborne fungi, fungal enzymes, and
secondary metabolites. The endemic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides spp …

Background Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a subset of polypoid chronic
rhinosinusitis that is characterized by the presence of eosinophilic mucin with fungal hyphae …

Background Human exposure to fungal elements is inevitable, with normal respiration
routinely depositing fungal hyphae within the nose and paranasal sinuses. Fungal species …

Abstract Purpose of Review Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogenous disease
process affecting a significant proportion of the population and impacting quality of life and …