A central goal of neuroscience research is to understand how experiences modify brain
circuits to guide future adaptive behavior. In response to environmental stimuli, neural circuit …

This review analyzes literature that describes the behavioral effects of 2 metabolites of
ethanol (EtOH): acetaldehyde and salsolinol (a condensation product of acetaldehyde and …

Background: The intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids
(SCFAs), have been implicated in immune function, host metabolism, and even behavior …

Oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and gut-liver axis dysbiosis have been suggested
as the primarily involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. Previous research …

Recent studies have implicated the ethanol metabolite, acetic acid, as neuroactive, perhaps
even more so than ethanol itself. In this study, we investigated sex-specific metabolism of …

Abstract Background Ethanol (Eth.) abuse induces memory impairment. Oxidative damage
and apoptosis are considered the likely causes of memory impairment. Silymarin (Sil.) is a …

Ethanol excites dopamine (DA) neurons in the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA). This
effect is responsible for ethanol's motivational properties and may contribute to alcoholism …

Although ethanol consumption leads to an array of neurophysiological alterations involving
the neural circuits for reward, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Acetic acid is a …

Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive stimulant and the main active ingredient of
energy drinks. Epidemiology studies have shown a positive correlation between the …

Acetaldehyde (ACD) contributes to alcohol's psychoactive effects through its own rewarding
properties. Recent studies shed light on the behavioral correlates of ACD administration and …