There is mounting evidence indicating that protein synthesis is driven and regulated by
mechanisms that direct stochastic, large-scale conformational fluctuations of the …

The faithful relay and timely expression of genetic information depend on specialized
molecular machines, many of which function as nucleic acid translocases. The emergence …

During translation, a conserved GTPase elongation factor—EF-G in bacteria or eEF2 in
eukaryotes—translocates tRNA and mRNA through the ribosome. EF-G has been proposed …

Time series data provided by single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET)
experiments offer the opportunity to infer not only model parameters describing molecular …

During protein synthesis, the ribosome controls the movement of tRNA and mRNA by means
of large-scale structural rearrangements. We describe structures of the intact bacterial …

In the early stage of bacterial translation, peptidyl-tRNAs frequently dissociate from the
ribosome (pep-tRNA drop-off) and are recycled by peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. Here, we …

Upon encountering a stop codon in the aminoacyl site (A site) of the mRNA translating
ribosome, the ribosome recruits a class-1 release factor (RF), which induces hydrolysis of …

Translational regulation impacts both pluripotency maintenance and cell differentiation. To
what degree the ribosome exerts control over this process remains unanswered …

Protein synthesis is targeted by numerous, chemically distinct antibiotics that bind and inhibit
key functional centers of the ribosome. Using single-molecule imaging and X-ray …

Determining the mechanism by which tRNAs rapidly and precisely transit through the
ribosomal A, P, and E sites during translation remains a major goal in the study of protein …