We report on studies of reactions of singlet oxygen with carotenoids and retinoids and a
range of free radical studies on carotenoids and retinoids with emphasis on recent work …

The retina represents a paradox, in that, while light and oxygen are essential for vision,
these conditions also favour the formation of reactive oxygen species leading to …

Absorption of a photon by an opsin pigment causes isomerization of the chromophore from
11-cis-retinaldehyde to all-trans-retinaldehyde. Regeneration of visual chromophore …

purpose. A fluorescent component of lipofuscin, A2-E (N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanol-
amine) has been shown to impair lysosomal function and to increase the intralysosomal pH …

The human eye is constantly exposed to sunlight and artificial lighting. Therefore the eye is
exposed to UV-B (295–320 nm), UV-A (320–400 nm), and visible light (400–700 nm). Light …

Excessive phototransduction signaling is thought to be involved in light-induced and
inherited retinal degeneration. Using knockout mice with defects in rhodopsin shut-off and …

The presence of the regenerable visual pigment rhodopsin has been shown to be primarily
responsible for the acute photo‐damage to the retina. The photoexcitation of rhodopsin …

Clearance by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of shed photoreceptor outer segments
(OSs), a tissue with one of the highest turnover rates in the body, is critical to the …

Reactive oxygen species comprise oxygen-based free radicals and non-radical species
such as peroxynitrite and electronically excited (singlet) oxygen. These reactive species …

Clinical and experimental evidence supports that chronic oxidative stress is a primary
contributing factor to numerous retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular …