Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

In the past decade there has been a growing interest in understanding sex and gender
differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and the purpose of this review …

Humans show strong sex differences in immunity to infection and autoimmunity, suggesting
sex hormones modulate immune responses. Indeed, receptors for estrogens (ERs) regulate …

Analogous to other physiological systems, the immune system also demonstrates
remarkable sex differences. Although the reasons for sex differences in immune responses …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
During pregnancy, it is evolutionarily advantageous for inflammatory immune responses that …

The biological differences associated with the sex of an individual are a major source of
variation, affecting immune responses to vaccination. Compelling clinical data illustrate that …

Sexually dimorphic mammalian tissues, including sexual organs and the brain, contain stem
cells that are directly or indirectly regulated by sex hormones,,,,,. An important question is …

Sex differences in the incidence and severity of respiratory virus infection are widely
documented in humans and murine models and correlate with sex biases in numbers and/or …

Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid which are used in cosmetics and other daily personal
care products. They are also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics to increase durability …

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFN-α/β) in
response to viral or endogenous nucleic acids through activation of their endosomal Toll-like …