An optimally functional brain requires both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are regulated
and balanced. A perturbation in the excitatory/inhibitory balance—as is the case in some …

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Brain function relies on the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. Interneuronal
communication primarily takes place at synapses, where information from one neuron is …

The study of synaptic plasticity and specifically LTP and LTD is one of the most active areas
of research in neuroscience. In the last 25 years we have come a long way in our …

Dendritic spines are small, thin, specialized protrusions from neuronal dendrites, primarily
localized in the excitatory synapses. Sophisticated imaging techniques revealed that …

Long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTP/LTD) can be elicited by activating N-
methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors, typically by the coincident activity of …

The spatiotemporal organization of neurotransmitter receptors in postsynaptic membranes is
a fundamental determinant of synaptic transmission and information processing by the brain …

In the mammalian central nervous system, excitatory glutamatergic synapses harness
neurotransmission that is mediated by ion flow through α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4 …

LTP and LTD, the long-term potentiation and depression of excitatory synaptic transmission,
are widespread phenomena expressed at possibly every excitatory synapse in the …

Experiences, whether they be learning in a classroom, a stressful event, or ingestion of a
psychoactive substance, impact the brain by modifying the activity and organization of …