Biological systems have similarities to efficient financial portfolios; the emergent properties
of aggregate systems are often less volatile than their components. These portfolio effects …

Herbivores are regulated by predation under certain environmental conditions, whereas
under others they are limited by forage abundance and nutritional quality. Whether top-down …

There has been a recent surge of interest in remote sensing and its use in ecology and
conservation but this is the first book to focus explicitly on the NDVI (Normalised Difference …

The forage maturation hypothesis (FMH) proposes that ungulate migration is driven by
selection for high forage quality. Because quality declines with plant maturation, but intake …

Herbivory is a key process structuring vegetation in savannas, especially in Africa where
large mammal herbivore communities remain intact. Exclusion experiments consistently …

Time can be a limiting constraint for consumers, particularly when resource phenology
mediates foraging opportunity. Though a large body of research has explored how resource …

Fragmentation of the ecosystems of the earth into spatially isolated units has emerged as a
primary component of global change. Often, fragmentation results from actions that are …

Vertical heterogeneity in the physical characteristics of lakes and oceans is ecologically
salient and exploited by a wide range of taxa through diel vertical migration to enhance their …

Summary 1 Studies aiming to identify the prevalence and nature of density dependence in
ecological populations have often used statistical analysis of ecological time‐series of …

Climate is a major extrinsic factor affecting the population dynamics of many organisms. The
Broad‐Scale Climate Hypothesis (BSCH) was proposed by Elton to explain the large‐scale …