Clinical pain is a serious public health issue. Treatment of pain-related suffering requires
knowledge of how pain signals are initially interpreted and subsequently transmitted and …

In this review, we integrate recent human and animal studies from the viewpoint of chronic
pain. First, we briefly review the impact of chronic pain on society and address current pitfalls …

Objective To review the clinical entity of primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), its
pathophysiological mechanisms, accurate new diagnostic methods and evidence-based …

The mesolimbic dopamine system comprises neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
and substantia nigra (SN), projecting to the ventral striatum. This system was originally …

Norepinephrine is involved in intrinsic control of pain. Main sources of norepinephrine are
sympathetic nerves peripherally and noradrenergic brainstem nuclei A1–A7 centrally …

Primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is severe, disabling and chronic intraoral pain
condition for which no local or systemic cause can be found and clinical examination is …

The basal ganglia (BG) are composed of several nuclei involved in neural processing
related to the execution of motor, cognitive and emotional activities. Preclinical and clinical …

Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain and bodily tenderness and is
often accompanied by affective disturbances. Accumulating evidence indicates that …

Pain is a nonmotor symptom that substantially affects the quality of life of at least one-third of
patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Interestingly, patients with PD frequently report …

In addition to being a key component of the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine acts as
a prominent neurotransmitter and neuromodulator upon release from key groups of …