Influenza viruses replicate within the nucleus of the host cell. This uncommon RNA virus trait
provides influenza with the advantage of access to the nuclear machinery during replication …

Influenza remains a persistent public health challenge, because the rapid evolution of
influenza viruses has led to marginal vaccine efficacy, antiviral resistance, and the annual …

The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is
critical for virus infection through the engagement of the human ACE2 protein and is a major …

SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is critical for virus infection via engagement of ACE2, and amino
acid variation in Spike is increasingly appreciated. Given both vaccines and therapeutics are …

Seasonal influenza is controlled through vaccination campaigns. Evolution of influenza virus
antigens means that vaccines must be updated to match novel strains, and vaccine …

The rapid global evolution of influenza virus begins with mutations that arise de novo in
individual infections, but little is known about how evolution occurs within hosts. We review …

Influenza A virus (IAV) genetic exchange through reassortment has the potential to
accelerate viral evolution and has played a critical role in the generation of multiple …

Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to pose an enormous and unpredictable global public
health threat, largely due to the continual evolution of escape from preexisting immunity and …

The evolutionary dynamics of a virus can differ within hosts and across populations. Studies
of within-host evolution provide an important link between experimental studies of virus …

Interactions between viruses during coinfections can influence viral fitness and population
diversity, as seen in the generation of reassortant pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) strains …