Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules usually composed of a toxin and an
antitoxin counteracting the activity of the toxic protein. These systems are widely spread in …

In their initial stages of discovery, prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems were confined to
bacterial plasmids where they function to mediate the maintenance and stability of usually …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) cassettes are encoded widely by bacteria. The modules typically
comprise a protein toxin and protein or RNA antitoxin that sequesters the toxin factor. Toxin …

Genes for toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes are widely disseminated in bacteria, including in
pathogenic and antibiotic resistant species. The toxins are liberated from association with …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous among bacteria and include stable toxins
whose toxicity can be counteracted by RNA or protein antitoxins. They are involved in …

Pathogenic bacteria use various mechanisms to cause infections in the host. Bacterial
pathogens express a wide range of molecules. Bacterial toxins have a poisonous substance …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widely present in bacterial genomes. They consist of stable
toxins and unstable antitoxins that are classified into distinct groups based on their structure …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are a large family of genes implicated in the regulation of
bacterial growth and its arrest in response to attacks. These systems encode nonsecreted …

Type-II toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are comprised of two tightly interacting proteins, and
operons encoding these systems have been identified throughout the genomes of bacteria …

The diversity of Type-II toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems in bacterial genomes requires tightly
controlled interaction specificity to ensure protection of the cell, and potentially to limit cross …