Bureaucracy is everywhere. Unelected bureaucrats are a key link between government and
citizens, between policy and implementation. Bureaucratic politics constitutes a growing …

We assessed racial disparities in policing in the United States by compiling and analysing a
dataset detailing nearly 100 million traffic stops conducted across the country. We found that …

Researchers often lack the necessary data to credibly estimate racial discrimination in
policing. In particular, police administrative records lack information on civilians police …

The increasingly visible presence of heavily armed police units in American communities
has stoked widespread concern over the militarization of local law enforcement. Advocates …

We report novel empirical estimates of the race-specific effects of larger police forces in the
United States. Each additional police officer abates approximately 0.1 homicides. In per …

Racial disparities in policing are profound and accompanied by equally persistent gaps in
trust. Analyses of these and other racial inequities are often bifurcated between institutional …

Can gender-based “enclaves” facilitate women's access to justice? I examine all-female
police stations in India and test whether group-specific institutions assist victims of gender …

How can societies restrain their coercive institutions and transition to a more humane
criminal justice system? We argue that two main factors explain why torture can persist as a …

A growing body of evidence indicates that local police departments are being used to
provide revenue for municipalities by imposing and collecting fees, fines, and asset …

The federal court settlement of Floyd, et al. v. City of New York, et al.(2013) mandated that
the New York City Police Department (NYPD) implement a series of reforms to address …