Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that
play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the …

One of the hallmarks of antiviral responses to infection is the production of interferons and
subsequently of interferon stimulated genes. Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is among …

Upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) helps tumor cells escape from immune
surveillance, and therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 have shown better patient …

Influenza A virus (IAV) polymerase protein PB2 has been shown to partially inhibit the host
immune response by blocking the induction of interferons (IFNs). However, the IAV PB2 …

Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene 15)(ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like
modifier induced during infections and involved in host defense mechanisms. Not …

Infection by many (+) RNA viruses is accompanied by ER-expansion and membrane
remodelling to form viral replication organelles, followed by assembly and secretion of viral …

Among the various host cellular processes that are hijacked by flaviviruses, few mechanisms
have been described with regard to viral egress. Here we investigate how flaviviruses …

Influenza (flu) is a contagious viral disease, which targets the human respiratory tract and
spreads throughout the world each year. Every year, influenza infects around 10% of the …

OTU domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde-binding proteins 1 (OTUB1) is the most
important element of the deubiquitinase OTU superfamily, which has been identified as an …

Retinoic acid-inducible-I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and
cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) genes encode essential cytosolic receptors mediating …