Numerous cell types are involved in maintenance of the intestinal tissue. However, the main
players are cells of the epithelial lining and the immune system. Human peripheral blood …

The development of the intestinal microbiota in the first years of life is a dynamic process
significantly influenced by early‐life nutrition. Pioneer bacteria colonizing the infant intestinal …

The current climate changes have increased the prevalence and intensity of heat stress (HS)
conditions. One of the initial consequences of HS is the impairment of the intestinal epithelial …

Developed countries have experienced a steady increase in atopic disease and disorders of
immune dysregulation since the 1980s. This increase parallels a decrease in infectious …

Human milk is considered the golden standard in infant nutrition. Free oligosaccharides in
human milk provide important health benefits. These oligosaccharides function as …

Cow's milk is a highly nutritious biological fluid that provides nourishment and immunity to
infants when breastfeeding declines. However, some infants, children, and adults are …

Galectins are β‐galcotosid‐binding lectins. The function of galectins varies with their tissue‐
specific and subcellular location, and their binding to carbohydrates makes them key players …

The intestinal mucosa is constantly facing a high load of antigens including bacterial
antigens derived from the microbiota and food. Despite this, the immune cells present in the …

The prevalence and incidence of allergic diseases is rising and these diseases have
become the most common chronic diseases during childhood in Westernized countries …

The first objective of infant formulas is to ensure the healthy growth of neonates and infants,
as the sole complete food source during the first months of life when a child cannot be …