Studying the forest subsurface is a challenge because of its heterogeneous nature and
difficult access. Traditional approaches used by ecologists to characterize the subsurface …

Simple Summary Habitat complexity is important for the maintenance of high levels of
welfare for captive animals, especially at zoos. Generally, individuals who experience …

Context Forest loss and fragmentation pose extreme threats to biodiversity. Their efficient
characterization from remotely sensed data therefore has strong practical implications. Data …

Vegetation structure is a crucial component of habitat suitability for wildlife, but methods
traditionally used to quantify it can be costly, subjective, or difficult to replicate. There have …

Heterogeneity in forests might promote biodiversity not only through an increase in niche
volume but also through other processes, such as an increase in resources and their spatial …

Close-range underwater photogrammetry, hereafter referred to as photogrammetry, is
rapidly emerging as a new standard in measuring and monitoring coral reefs due to its …

Intertidal artificial habitats are proliferating, but are generally simpler in structure and host
lower biodiversity than natural rocky reefs. Eco-engineering aims to enhance the biodiversity …

Forests around the world, vital for ecological, economic, and social functions, are facing
increasing threats such as deforestation and habitat fragmentation. This study introduces …

Ecological systems are quintessentially complex systems. Understanding and being able to
predict phenomena typical of complex systems is, therefore, critical to progress in ecology …

Simple Summary Garden plants provide habitat for pests as well as the predatory insects
that eat them. In rural agriculture, structurally complex vegetation that includes diverse plant …