Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be controlled by anti-retroviral therapy.
Suppressing viral replication relies on life-long medication, but anti-retroviral therapy is not …

Many techniques are currently in use to study microbes. These can be aimed at detecting,
identifying, and characterizing bacterial, fungal, and viral species. One technique that is …

Optimal T cell activation requires Ag recognition through the TCR, engagement of
costimulatory molecules, and cytokines. T cells can also directly recognize danger signals …

The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-37 (IL-37) plays a key role in inhibiting innate and
adaptive immunity. Past results have shown that IL-37 is elevated in human Treg cells …

CD8+ T cells are critical to combat pathogens and eradicate malignantly transformed cells.
To exert their effector function and kill target cells, T cells produce copious amounts of …

A key feature of immune cells, such as T cells, is their rapid responsiveness to activation.
The response rate of T cells depends on the signal strength, and the type of signals they …

The plate count agar (PCA) method is a common technique used to count microorganisms in
dairy products, but this method is time‐consuming and highly selective by the medium. This …

As part of the adaptive immune system, T cells are vital for the eradication of infected and
malignantly transformed cells. To perform their protective function, T cells produce effector …

For more than 2 years, the COVID-19 pandemic has plagued the world. The causative
agent, SARS-CoV-2, is a single-stranded RNA virus that is easily transmitted, resulting in> …

T cells are instrumental in protecting the host against invading pathogens and the
development of cancer. To do so, they produce effector molecules such as granzymes …