Highlights•RNAi efficiency in Hemiptera has been shown to be variable.•There is a proof of
concept for hemipteran RNAi through GM plants, expressing dsRNA.•Degradation of dsRNA …

The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are a family of intracellular molecules. Many
members of this family have been reported to be involved in various physiological processes …

Background The genetic and physiological pathways regulating behavior in solitary species
are hypothesized to have been co-opted to regulate social behavior in social species. One …

Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to alter its phenotype in response to an
environmental cue, facilitates rapid adaptation to changing environments. Plastic changes in …

The transition to social living, combined with the ability of individuals within a society to
communicate and cooperate on common tasks, represents one of the greatest levels of …

Royalactin is a glycoprotein essential for the development of long-lived queen honeybees.
Only larvae fed with royal jelly, containing royalactin, develop into queens. Royalactin plays …

Background Modularity is important for evolutionary innovation. The recombination of
existing units to form larger complexes with new functionalities spares the need to create …

Dopamine (DA) and tyramine (TA) have neurohormonal roles in the production of
reproductive workers in queenless colonies of honey bees, but the regulation of these …

Adult females of the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes jokahamae can change caste in
response to photoperiod length. Short-day photoperiod females store more lipids but have …

The evolution of division of labor between sterile and fertile individuals represents one of the
major transitions in biological complexity. A fascinating gradient in eusociality evolved …