Vehicle emissions are a significant source of air pollution in cities. Particulate matter (PM) is
a pollutant with adverse health effects. Regulations worldwide determine the PM exhaust …

Road transport significantly contributes to air pollution in cities. Emission regulations have
led to significantly reduced emissions in modern vehicles. Particle emissions are controlled …

Abstract In the European Union's emissions regulations, limits for solid particles> 23 nm are
applicable for the type-approval and in use compliance of vehicles. Consequently, particle …

In the last years, the in-use emissions of vehicles are measured on the road with portable
emissions measurement systems (PEMS). PEMS cannot measure as accurately as the …

The upcoming Euro 7 vehicle exhaust emissions regulation includes particle number (PN)
limits for all vehicles, not only those with direct fuel injection. It also sets the lower detection …

Currently, emissions from internal combustion vehicles are not properly monitored
throughout their life cycle. In particular, a small share of vehicles (< 20%) with malfunctioning …

Emissions from internal combustion vehicles are currently not properly monitored throughout
their life cycle. Remote emission sensing (RES) is a technology that can measure emissions …

For the type approval of compression ignition (diesel) and gasoline direct injection vehicles,
a particle number (PN) limit of 6× 1011 p/km is applicable. Diesel vehicles in circulation …

The enforcement of more stringent type approval emission standards de facto mandate
manufacturers to equip vehicles with particle filters, which reduces the particle number …

A new scheme for periodical technical inspection (PTI) of diesel-engine exhaust based on
the measurement of particle number (PN) concentration was recently introduced in several …