This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic
particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere …

Debate over what influence (if any) solar variability has had on surface air temperature
trends since the 19th century has been controversial. In this paper, we consider two factors …

In order to evaluate how much Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) has influenced Northern
Hemisphere surface air temperature trends, it is important to have reliable estimates of both …

The Sun is the main energy source to Earth, and understanding its variability is of direct
relevance to climate studies. Measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) exist since 1978 …

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), the highly energetic particles that may raise critical health
issues for astronauts in space, are modulated by solar activity, with their intensity lagging …

High-magnitude (amplitude) Forbush decreases (FDs) are generally employed by
researchers investigating the solar-terrestrial connection mechanisms. Although it has been …

We investigated the interactions between continental growth and breakup, inorganic
carbonate–silicate cycle, volcanic activity, glaciations, natural climate change, and biotic …

The influence of the Sun on the Earth's atmosphere and climate has been a matter of hot
debate for more than two centuries. In spite of the correlations found between the sunspot …

Abstract The Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment was created to
systematically test the link between galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and climate, specifically, the …

Forbush decreases (FDs) seem to be the compass for researchers searching for Sun–Earth
weather relationships. Thus, a wide range of the solar-terrestrial literature is dominated by …