Non-fungible tokens (NFT) represent one of the most important technologies in the space of
Web3. Thanks to NFTs, digital or physical assets can be tokenised to represent their …

Identity Management System (IDMS) refers to how users or individuals are identified and
authorized to use organizational systems and services. Since traditional identity …

In recent years, with the rise of digital currency, its underlying technology, blockchain, has
become increasingly well-known. This technology has several key characteristics, including …

The building sector remains a major contributor to increasing energy consumption and
emissions. Meanwhile, the energy system is becoming more complex due to the transition to …

Smart manufacturing has transformed the role of data in manufacturing, with a significant
focus on secure data infrastructure. As factories engage with external data sources …

Blockchain-based IoT systems can manage IoT devices and achieve a high level of data
integrity, security, and provenance. However, incorporating existing consensus protocols in …

Because of the rising population density, relationships are necessary to raise living
standards through sending and receiving a wide range of services. Because of this, many …

The advancement and acceptance of new technologies often hinges on the level of
understanding and trust among potential users. Blockchain technology, despite its broad …

In the traditional consortium blockchain system, all nodes jointly participate in the process of
transaction consensus, so that the confidentiality of transaction data within and between …

The practical Byzantine fault tolerant (PBFT) consensus mechanism is one of the most basic
consensus algorithms (or protocols) in blockchain technologies. Thus its performance …