Venous abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions.
This paper reviews the literature regarding venous abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Background The role of the extracranial venous system in the pathology of central nervous
system (CNS) disorders and aging is largely unknown. It is acknowledged that the …

Abstract Behind Medicine (M) is Physiology (P), behind Physiology is Physics (P) and
behind Physics is always Mathematics (M), for which I expect that the symmetry of the …

Extracranial venous abnormalities, especially jugular venous outflow disturbance, were
originally viewed as nonpathological phenomena due to a lack of realization and …

Background Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) remains one of those neurodegenerative
diseases for which the cause remains unknown. Many clinically diagnosed cases of IPD are …

Under the auspices of the International Society for Neurovascular Disease (ISNVD), four
expert panel committees were created from the ISNVD membership between 2011 and …

Quantifying flow from phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) data requires that the vessels of interest
be segmented. The estimate of the vessel area will dictate the type and magnitude of the …

The clinical relevance of nozzle-like strictures in upper parts of the internal jugular veins
remains unclear. This study was aimed at understanding flow disturbances caused by such …

Background Internal jugular vein (IJV) narrowing has been implicated in central nervous
system pathologies, however normal physiological age-and gender-related IJV variance in …

In the first decade of the twenty-first century, whole-body magnetic resonance scanners with
high field strengths (and thus potentially better signal-to-noise ratios) were developed. At the …